A Social Security number (SSN) is assigned to track earnings throughout an individual’s lifespan in the United States. Typically, only one SSN is issued per person. F-1 and J-1 visa holders working in the U.S. must request an SSN, while F-2 dependents are ineligible. Students not engaged in on-campus employment but receiving taxable scholarships may apply for an Individual Tax Identification Number (ITIN) for tax purposes.

To obtain an SSN, the Social Security Administration requires evidence of U.S. work eligibility, full-time student status, and either on-campus job offers or authorized off-campus employment through Curricular Practical Training, Optional Practical Training, or Academic Training.

While not essential for obtaining a driver’s license, cell phone contract, credit card, insurance policy, academic admission, or other non-employment purposes like bank account opening or lease signing, the Social Security Administration verifies immigration documents and status with USCIS before issuing an SSN. An SSN alone does not confer work authorization.

Related: Applying for a US driver’s license with an F-1 visa

How to Apply to your Social Security Number :

Finish the online SSN application and arrange a meeting to submit your original documents at the nearby Social Security Administration office. Applications are deemed incomplete until the required supporting documents are presented in their original form, in person, at a Social Security Administration Office.

Complete Apply to your Social Security Number online 

Schedule an Appointment with the SSA Office.

After submitting the online application, click on the button to arrange an appointment for presenting the necessary original documents in person (indicated by the red arrow in the image).

Go to your appointment at the scheduled time, bringing your required documents (in original format): 

• If requested by your DSO, provide a completed and signed DSO Social Security Verification and Employment Form.
• Present your Form I-20 (with Continuing Attendance, not transfer pending status).
• Bring your valid passport (including any previous passport containing your F-1 visa).
• Print a hard copy of your electronic I-94 information, available at https://i94.cbp.dhs.gov/I94/

For F-1 CPT Students: Apply for an SSN following steps 1-3, but not more than 30 days before your employment start date.

• Form I-20 (updated and endorsed for practical training)
• Passport
• Hard copy printout of your most recent I-94, which can be obtained at https://i94.cbp.dhs.gov/I94/

For F-1 OPT Students: Apply for an SSN following steps 1-3 after your EAD card’s start date

• Form I-20 (updated and endorsed for practical training)
• Passport
• Hard copy printout of your most recent I-94, which can be obtained at https://i94.cbp.dhs.gov/I94/
• EAD Card

Reference Websites

• Social Security Numbers for non-citizens
• Application for a Social Security Number 

Frequently Asked Questions

Do I need to pay when I apply for an SSN?

There’s no fee for a Social Security number and card.

How long does it take to receive a Social Security number?

Once your immigration information is verified and your application is processed, the Social Security Administration will mail your number and card, typically within 2-4 weeks or more.

What should I do if my card goes missing or is stolen？

You can get a replacement card at no cost if it’s lost or stolen, but there are limits: three replacements per year and ten replacements over your lifetime. Legal name changes and some exceptions don’t count towards these limits, such as updates due to changes in nonimmigrant status.

To request a replacement card:

• Complete an online application for a replacement Social Security card.
• Display recently issued photo identification, such as a passport or state identification card, to confirm your identity.
• Demonstrate proof of your current lawful nonimmigrant status by presenting a visa, I-20/DS-2019, or I-94.
• If you are employed on campus, complete a new Social Security Verification form provided by your DSO if necessary.
• Your replacement card will maintain the same name and number as your previous card.

What if my immigration status or citizenship changes?

Should your immigration status undergo alterations or if you acquire legal permanent resident (LPR) status, it is imperative to notify the Social Security Administration to ensure the update of your records. You will be required to provide documentation substantiating your new status.

Do my earnings count as taxable for Social Security?

As a student in F-1 or J-1 status, your earnings from authorized employment are generally not taxable for social security purposes.

Please review the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Publications 515 and 519 for details about employment taxes payable on the earnings of nonresident aliens.

Am I able to start employment before receiving my Social Security card?

If you possess authorization (such as on-campus work, CPT, or OPT), then indeed, you are permitted to commence employment while your SSN application is in progress. It is crucial to ensure that your employer adheres to the appropriate guidelines for enabling you to start working without the SSN. Further details can be found in the Social Security Administration’s publication, “Foreign Workers and Social Security Numbers.”